3.1.79 \(\int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx\) [79]

Optimal. Leaf size=213 \[ -\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}}} \]

[Out]

-1/4*arctan(cot(x)*(a^(1/4)-b^(1/4))^(1/2)/a^(1/8))/a^(7/8)/(a^(1/4)-b^(1/4))^(1/2)-1/4*arctan(cot(x)*(a^(1/4)
-I*b^(1/4))^(1/2)/a^(1/8))/a^(7/8)/(a^(1/4)-I*b^(1/4))^(1/2)-1/4*arctan(cot(x)*(a^(1/4)+I*b^(1/4))^(1/2)/a^(1/
8))/a^(7/8)/(a^(1/4)+I*b^(1/4))^(1/2)-1/4*arctan(cot(x)*(a^(1/4)+b^(1/4))^(1/2)/a^(1/8))/a^(7/8)/(a^(1/4)+b^(1
/4))^(1/2)

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Rubi [A]
time = 0.15, antiderivative size = 213, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 9, number of rules used = 3, integrand size = 11, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.273, Rules used = {3290, 3260, 209} \begin {gather*} -\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}}} \end {gather*}

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Int[(a - b*Cos[x]^8)^(-1),x]

[Out]

-1/4*ArcTan[(Sqrt[a^(1/4) - b^(1/4)]*Cot[x])/a^(1/8)]/(a^(7/8)*Sqrt[a^(1/4) - b^(1/4)]) - ArcTan[(Sqrt[a^(1/4)
- I*b^(1/4)]*Cot[x])/a^(1/8)]/(4*a^(7/8)*Sqrt[a^(1/4) - I*b^(1/4)]) - ArcTan[(Sqrt[a^(1/4) + I*b^(1/4)]*Cot[x
])/a^(1/8)]/(4*a^(7/8)*Sqrt[a^(1/4) + I*b^(1/4)]) - ArcTan[(Sqrt[a^(1/4) + b^(1/4)]*Cot[x])/a^(1/8)]/(4*a^(7/8
)*Sqrt[a^(1/4) + b^(1/4)])

Rule 209

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[b, 2]))*ArcTan[Rt[b, 2]*(x/Rt[a, 2])], x] /;
FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (GtQ[a, 0] || GtQ[b, 0])

Rule 3260

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> With[{ff = FreeFactors[Tan[e + f*x], x]}, Dist
[ff/f, Subst[Int[1/(a + (a + b)*ff^2*x^2), x], x, Tan[e + f*x]/ff], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, e, f}, x]

Rule 3290

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*sin[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^(n_))^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Module[{k}, Dist[2/(a*n), Sum[Int[1/(1 - Si
n[e + f*x]^2/((-1)^(4*(k/n))*Rt[-a/b, n/2])), x], {k, 1, n/2}], x]] /; FreeQ[{a, b, e, f}, x] && IntegerQ[n/2]

Rubi steps

\begin {align*} \int \frac {1}{a-b \cos ^8(x)} \, dx &=\frac {\int \frac {1}{1-\frac {\sqrt [4]{b} \cos ^2(x)}{\sqrt [4]{a}}} \, dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1-\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b} \cos ^2(x)}{\sqrt [4]{a}}} \, dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1+\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b} \cos ^2(x)}{\sqrt [4]{a}}} \, dx}{4 a}+\frac {\int \frac {1}{1+\frac {\sqrt [4]{b} \cos ^2(x)}{\sqrt [4]{a}}} \, dx}{4 a}\\ &=-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+\left (1-\frac {\sqrt [4]{b}}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right ) x^2} \, dx,x,\cot (x)\right )}{4 a}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+\left (1-\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b}}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right ) x^2} \, dx,x,\cot (x)\right )}{4 a}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+\left (1+\frac {i \sqrt [4]{b}}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right ) x^2} \, dx,x,\cot (x)\right )}{4 a}-\frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{1+\left (1+\frac {\sqrt [4]{b}}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right ) x^2} \, dx,x,\cot (x)\right )}{4 a}\\ &=-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-\sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}-i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+i \sqrt [4]{b}}}-\frac {\tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {\sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}} \cot (x)}{\sqrt [8]{a}}\right )}{4 a^{7/8} \sqrt {\sqrt [4]{a}+\sqrt [4]{b}}}\\ \end {align*}

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Mathematica [C] Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3 in optimal.
time = 0.23, size = 172, normalized size = 0.81 \begin {gather*} -8 \text {RootSum}\left [b+8 b \text {$\#$1}+28 b \text {$\#$1}^2+56 b \text {$\#$1}^3-256 a \text {$\#$1}^4+70 b \text {$\#$1}^4+56 b \text {$\#$1}^5+28 b \text {$\#$1}^6+8 b \text {$\#$1}^7+b \text {$\#$1}^8\&,\frac {2 \text {ArcTan}\left (\frac {\sin (2 x)}{\cos (2 x)-\text {$\#$1}}\right ) \text {$\#$1}^3-i \log \left (1-2 \cos (2 x) \text {$\#$1}+\text {$\#$1}^2\right ) \text {$\#$1}^3}{b+7 b \text {$\#$1}+21 b \text {$\#$1}^2-128 a \text {$\#$1}^3+35 b \text {$\#$1}^3+35 b \text {$\#$1}^4+21 b \text {$\#$1}^5+7 b \text {$\#$1}^6+b \text {$\#$1}^7}\&\right ] \end {gather*}

Warning: Unable to verify antiderivative.

[In]

Integrate[(a - b*Cos[x]^8)^(-1),x]

[Out]

-8*RootSum[b + 8*b*#1 + 28*b*#1^2 + 56*b*#1^3 - 256*a*#1^4 + 70*b*#1^4 + 56*b*#1^5 + 28*b*#1^6 + 8*b*#1^7 + b*
#1^8 & , (2*ArcTan[Sin[2*x]/(Cos[2*x] - #1)]*#1^3 - I*Log[1 - 2*Cos[2*x]*#1 + #1^2]*#1^3)/(b + 7*b*#1 + 21*b*#
1^2 - 128*a*#1^3 + 35*b*#1^3 + 35*b*#1^4 + 21*b*#1^5 + 7*b*#1^6 + b*#1^7) & ]

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Maple [C] Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
time = 0.46, size = 78, normalized size = 0.37

method	result	size
default	\(\frac {\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\RootOf \left (a \,\textit {\_Z}^{8}+4 a \,\textit {\_Z}^{6}+6 a \,\textit {\_Z}^{4}+4 a \,\textit {\_Z}^{2}+a -b \right )}{\sum }\frac {\left (\textit {\_R}^{6}+3 \textit {\_R}^{4}+3 \textit {\_R}^{2}+1\right ) \ln \left (\tan \left (x \right )-\textit {\_R} \right )}{\textit {\_R}^{7}+3 \textit {\_R}^{5}+3 \textit {\_R}^{3}+\textit {\_R}}}{8 a}\)	\(78\)
risch	\(\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\RootOf \left (1+\left (16777216 a^{8}-16777216 a^{7} b \right ) \textit {\_Z}^{8}+1048576 a^{6} \textit {\_Z}^{6}+24576 a^{4} \textit {\_Z}^{4}+256 a^{2} \textit {\_Z}^{2}\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left ({\mathrm e}^{2 i x}+\left (-\frac {4194304 i a^{8}}{b}+4194304 i a^{7}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{7}+\left (\frac {524288 a^{7}}{b}-524288 a^{6}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{6}+\left (-\frac {196608 i a^{6}}{b}-65536 i a^{5}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{5}+\left (\frac {24576 a^{5}}{b}+8192 a^{4}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{4}+\left (-\frac {3072 i a^{4}}{b}+1024 i a^{3}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{3}+\left (\frac {384 a^{3}}{b}-128 a^{2}\right ) \textit {\_R}^{2}+\left (-\frac {16 i a^{2}}{b}-16 i a \right ) \textit {\_R} +\frac {2 a}{b}+1\right )\)	\(193\)

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)

[Out]

1/8/a*sum((_R^6+3*_R^4+3*_R^2+1)/(_R^7+3*_R^5+3*_R^3+_R)*ln(tan(x)-_R),_R=RootOf(_Z^8*a+4*_Z^6*a+6*_Z^4*a+4*_Z
^2*a+a-b))

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Maxima [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {Failed to integrate} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

-integrate(1/(b*cos(x)^8 - a), x)

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Fricas [B] Both result and optimal contain complex but leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 643291 vs. \(2 (133) = 266\).
time = 6.61, size = 643291, normalized size = 3020.15 \begin {gather*} \text {too large to display} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

1/16*sqrt(1/2)*sqrt(1/6)*sqrt((6*sqrt(1/2)*sqrt(1/6)*(a^2 - a*b)*sqrt(-((a^5 - 2*a^4*b + a^3*b^2)*(2*(1/2)^(2/
3)*(-I*sqrt(3) + 1)*(((a^3*sqrt((2*a*b*sqrt(b/a) - a*b - b^2)/((a^6 - 2*a^5*b + a^4*b^2)*sqrt(b/a))) - a^2*b*s
qrt((2*a*b*sqrt(b/a) - a*b - b^2)/((a^6 - 2*a^5*b + a^4*b^2)*sqrt(b/a))) - 3*a)*sqrt(b/a) - b)^2*a/((a^3 - a^2
*b)^2*b) + 3*(2*a^2*b*sqrt((2*a*b*sqrt(b/a) - a*b - b^2)/((a^6 - 2*a^5*b + a^4*b^2)*sqrt(b/a))) + (2*a^3*sqrt(
(2*a*b*sqrt(b/a) - a*b - b^2)/((a^6 - 2*a^5*b + a^4*b^2)*sqrt(b/a))) - 3*a)*sqrt(b/a) - b)/((a^5 - a^4*b)*sqrt
(b/a)))/(9*(2*a^2*b*sqrt((2*a*b*sqrt(b/a) - a*b - b^2)/((a^6 - 2*a^5*b + a^4*b^2)*sqrt(b/a))) + (2*a^3*sqrt((2
*a*b*sqrt(b/a) - a*b - b^2)/((a^6 - 2*a^5*b + a^4*b^2)*sqrt(b/a))) - 3*a)*sqrt(b/a) - b)*((a^3*sqrt((2*a*b*sqr
t(b/a) - a*b - b^2)/((a^6 - 2*a^5*b + a^4*b^2)*sqrt(b/a))) - a^2*b*sqrt((2*a*b*sqrt(b/a) - a*b - b^2)/((a^6 -
2*a^5*b + a^4*b^2)*sqrt(b/a))) - 3*a)*sqrt(b/a) - b)*a/((a^5 - a^4*b)*(a^3 - a^2*b)*b) + 27*(2*a^2*b*sqrt((2*a
*b*sqrt(b/ ...

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Sympy [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \int \frac {1}{a - b \cos ^{8}{\left (x \right )}}\, dx \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/(a-b*cos(x)**8),x)

[Out]

Integral(1/(a - b*cos(x)**8), x)

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Giac [F]
time = 0.00, size = 0, normalized size = 0.00 \begin {gather*} \text {could not integrate} \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(1/(a-b*cos(x)^8),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

integrate(-1/(b*cos(x)^8 - a), x)

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Mupad [B]
time = 3.42, size = 216, normalized size = 1.01 \begin {gather*} \sum _{k=1}^8\ln \left (-{\mathrm {root}\left (16777216\,a^7\,b\,d^8-16777216\,a^8\,d^8-1048576\,a^6\,d^6-24576\,a^4\,d^4-256\,a^2\,d^2-1,d,k\right )}^4\,a^5\,b^5\,\left ({\mathrm {root}\left (16777216\,a^7\,b\,d^8-16777216\,a^8\,d^8-1048576\,a^6\,d^6-24576\,a^4\,d^4-256\,a^2\,d^2-1,d,k\right )}^2\,a^2\,64+1\right )\,\left (\mathrm {root}\left (16777216\,a^7\,b\,d^8-16777216\,a^8\,d^8-1048576\,a^6\,d^6-24576\,a^4\,d^4-256\,a^2\,d^2-1,d,k\right )\,a\,\mathrm {tan}\left (x\right )\,8-1\right )\,4096\right )\,\mathrm {root}\left (16777216\,a^7\,b\,d^8-16777216\,a^8\,d^8-1048576\,a^6\,d^6-24576\,a^4\,d^4-256\,a^2\,d^2-1,d,k\right ) \end {gather*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int(1/(a - b*cos(x)^8),x)

[Out]

symsum(log(-4096*root(16777216*a^7*b*d^8 - 16777216*a^8*d^8 - 1048576*a^6*d^6 - 24576*a^4*d^4 - 256*a^2*d^2 -
1, d, k)^4*a^5*b^5*(64*root(16777216*a^7*b*d^8 - 16777216*a^8*d^8 - 1048576*a^6*d^6 - 24576*a^4*d^4 - 256*a^2*
d^2 - 1, d, k)^2*a^2 + 1)*(8*root(16777216*a^7*b*d^8 - 16777216*a^8*d^8 - 1048576*a^6*d^6 - 24576*a^4*d^4 - 25
6*a^2*d^2 - 1, d, k)*a*tan(x) - 1))*root(16777216*a^7*b*d^8 - 16777216*a^8*d^8 - 1048576*a^6*d^6 - 24576*a^4*d
^4 - 256*a^2*d^2 - 1, d, k), k, 1, 8)

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